Feed Formulation For all Animals (Doing it yourself) | Business Plans | Feasibility Study

Feed Formulation For all Animals (Doing it yourself) | Business Plans | Feasibility Study is a free guide. This guide teaches you on how to formulate any kind of livestock feed yourself. It give you a step by step approach in formulating feeds for your desired animal. Although, Several researches on Feed Formulation For all Animals (Doing it yourself) | Business Plans | Feasibility Study has always seen; 

More On Feed Formulation For all Animals (Doing it yourself) | Business Plans | Feasibility Study

• Firstly, Setting up a Feed Mill in Nigeria
• Secondly, Poultry Feed Business Plan
• Thirdly, Livestock Feed Production Process
• Feed Mill Feasibility Study
• Poultry Feed Production Process
• Furthermore, Feed Mill Business Plan
• Poultry Feed Mill Feasibility
• Likewise, Animal Feed Production Companies in Nigeria
• Animal Feed Formulation Methods
• Also, animal Feed Formulation Software
• Animal Feed Formulation PDF
• Feed Formulation For Cattle
• Also, Feed Formulation Calculator
• Feed Formulation For Poultry
• Feed Formulation For Fish
• Lastly, animal Feed Formulation Book

 FEED MILL

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE EMBARKING ON FEED FORMULATION 

• Age of animal
• Origin of animal
• Nutritional requirement of animal
• Availability of animal

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MATERIALS NEED FOR FEED FORMULATION 

• CARBOHYDRATE [energy sources (COH)]

1. Maize
2. Cassava
3. Rice
4. Yam

•  PROTEIN (including amino acids)

1. Soya bean cake (SBC)
2. Groundnut cake (GNC)
3. Fish Meal

• CALCIUM

1. Bone meal
2. Oyster shell
3. Periwinkle shell meal
4. Limestone
5. Snail shell

• FIBERS

1. Wheat offal
2. Palm kernel cake (PKC)
3. Rice bran
4. Soya beans offal

• MINERALS(supplements/premixes)

1. Salt
2. Lysine
3. Methionine

• FAT AND OIL (also essential fatty acids)

1. Animal fat
2. Vegetable oil

• VITAMIN

1. Vitamin supplements/premixes

KNOW THE NUTRIENT IN YOUR FEEDS 

• Firstly, Fish meal is the highest quality protein source commonly available for feed formulation purposes, especially, when is made from a good quality whole fish.
• Secondly, Alos, it is also a rich source of energy and minerals
• Thirdly, fish meals are highly digestible, highly palatable, good smell that gives it a welcoming smell.
• Similarly, it contains about 65% protein content with 80% digestibility
• Its high in LYS, MET (deficient in plant sources)
• Fish meal also contains 1-2.5% n-6 fatty acids, essential to many fish and all shrimp
• Also, if made from byproducts, its quality is not as good as trawler-caught
• The only problem observed is its high ash content, which sometimes result in mineral imbalance
• Similarly, it is not used sparingly because of its high cost in the market.
• It can be partially replaced by soybean meal and other animal meals
• When using Fish Meal, one must remember that it cannot be stored forever
• Likewise, it can rancidify due to high lipid content
• Further, not all Fish Meal is created equal
• Some types (menhaden) appear to be superior to others (sardine meal)
• Lastly, fish Meal must be very well ground and sieved to help remove indigestible parts

Soybean Meal (SBM)

• Firstly, soybean meal has one of the best essential amino acid profiles of all protein-rich plant feedstuffs

• Secondly, soybean Meal does not appear to be deficient in any EAA for catfish
• Thirdly, soybean Meal can be deficient, because their MET/CYS requirement is twice that of catfish
• some fish find Soybean Meal unpalatable, for this reason maximum levels are suggested
• Also, soybean meal is commonly used as a substitute for fish meal, however, is only to a point
• shrimp will consume high Soybean Meal feeds, but diet must be supplemented with fish meal at some point
• Another problem involves losses in energy, minerals and lipids in diets where Soybean Meal replaces Fish Meal or other animal byproduct proteins
• Also, another variety of soybean meal is known as “de-hulled”
• De-hulled soybean meal contains 25% less ME, 85% less available P and 90% less n-3 FA’s than anchovy meal
• Furthermore, soybeans also contain trypsin-inhibitors
• Trypsin inhibitor reduces digestibility of soy protein by the enzyme trypsin
• Lastly, solution: most soybeans are roasted prior to milling (destroys inhibitor)

Full-fat Soybeans 

• Fisrtly, full fat soybean meal is different from regular Soybean Meal in that it has a full fat complement
• Secondly, full fat Soybean has not been solvent extracted
• Thirdly, full fat Soybean often used as an energy source or for general balancing of the formula
• Mainly used in salmonid (cold water) fish diets.

Grains and By-products (carbohydrate → COH)

• Firstly, grains are primarily used as COH sources
• Secondly, when whole, they contribute about 62%-72% of dietary starch
• Starches are fairly well digested by warm-water species (60-70%), but not by cold
• Similarly, heating COH via extrusion improves digestibility by 10=15%
• COH can also be used as binding agents
• Furthermore, corn is commonly used in the U.S., but is high in xanthophyll (a pigment), giving tissue a yellow color (not good for fish sales!)
• Corn gluten meal is high in protein (60%) and contains high levels of MET (excellent for formulation)
• Also, rice bran often used in developing countries due to local rice production
• Rice bran is a reasonable COH source, but is high in fiber and fat
• Lastly, wheat gluten is a good protein source, but too expensive, often used as a binder

Animal By-products 

• Meat and bone meal is a byproduct of the slaughter house
• Contains 50-55% crude protein
• Protein quality is low, so only marginally useful and varies dependent upon meat source
• Can be a good source of energy, P, TM’s
• Another problem: high ash content
• Digestibility improved by flash- or spray-drying
• Poultry by-product meal (PBM) is often used by mills also producing chicken feed
• Feather meal high in protein, but indigestible

Crustacean Meals 

• Shrimp waste meal is a reasonably good feed ingredient, if heads are included
• Otherwise, the shell is primarily chitin and of limited digestibility
• The ammonia in chitin accounts for about 10-15% of the nitrogen in whole meal
• Also a reasonable source of n-3 fatty acids, cholestrerol and astaxanthin (carotenoid)
• Highly palatable and often serves as an attractant in feeds at 1-2%
• Others: krill meal, Artemia meal

Fats and Oils

• Used as energy sources, provide essential fatty acids, attractant, coating of pellet to reduce abrasion
• Both animal and plant fats can be used, animal fats cheaper, better attractants
• Marine lipids often added as oils if FM level is low (otherwise no source of marine FA’s)
• Sources: menhaden, shark, cod liver
• Must be careful in storage of oil, feeds with oils due to rancidification

• Most monogastric animals (e.g., fish) do not digest fibrous feedstuffs well
• It is unlikely that adding fiber to diets already with more than 3-5% will have any beneficial effect
• High fiber content reduces binding capacity of feeds, inhibits intake (due to reduced palatability), increases rate of passage and waste production
• Sources: brans

Binding Agents

• Binding agents are really needed for pelletized feeds, but not necessarily for extruded feeds (we discuss this later)
• In extruded feeds, all ingredients are gelatinized by high temperature and bind together well as a result of the process
• Most organic binders are good for about 30 min of submergence
• Starch is often used at over 10%, however it will hydrate and swell the pellet
• Chemical binders (e.g., Basfin) have good binding potential, form cross-linkages with COH and PRO, but are toxic

Basic Facts

• In addition to the essential nutrients, feeds may contain organic and inorganic materials that have various effects on aquatic species:
• Beneficial, detrimental or negligible
• They can affect growth, health or the processed product
• May be naturally occurring, intentionally or unintentionally added
• Can be produced via microbial growth.

Toxins and Antimetabolites 

• The more important toxins affecting animal feeding are those associated with molds
• These are called “mycotoxins”
• Three important genera are Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium
• They exist and grow anywhere as long as there is enough COH substrate, no less than 14% moisture, adequate temperature, oxygen
• Usually produced in feedstuffs prior to harvest, but also result from poor storage

Aflatoxin

• Aflatoxin is the mycotoxin of greatest concern in feeding of culture species
• Both outright toxic and carcinogenic
• Liver (hepatoma) and blood clotting problems
• Rainbow trout are highly sensitive at 1 ug/kg exposure
• Traditionally, sources include corn, cottonseed and peanuts
• Aflatoxin contamination varies year to year.

Ochratoxin

• These are compounds produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium molds
• Widely found in nature
• Typically associated with kidney toxicity
• Toxic level is 4.7 mg/kg in diet
• Other mold toxins have been found in warm-blooded animals, but not in fish
• Most mold toxins also destroy nutrients in feeds
• Example: Pseudomonas can separate glutamic acid from folic acid, making it ineffective

Microbial Toxins in Commercial Fish/shrimp Feeds 

• Usually not known that the feed is contaminated
• Commercially-processed feeds are less likely to have these toxins
• Screened against international transport and by feed manufacturers by law
• Must contain less than 20 ppb
• Up to manufacturer to require testing
• Not destroyed by steam pelleting or extrusion
• Presence in feeds reduced by proprionic acid

Histamine

• This is a toxic compound found in fish meal, a typical feed ingredient
• Results from bacterial removal of COOH (carboxylic acid) from the EAA histidine
• Comes from improper storage of raw fish prior to production of fish meal
• Causes a reduction in growth rate
• Usually comes from “dark” meat portion of fish
• Other fish meal toxin is “gizzerosine”

Phytic Acid, Gossypol

• Phytic acid is an organic molecule related to inositol
• Integral component of plant feedstuffs and holds 60-70% of the phosphorus
• Problem is, it’s poorly available to fish
• Reduces availability of zinc
• “Gossypol” is a component of pigment lands in the cotton plant
• Limits availability of cottonseed meal used in feeds (suppresses growth rate and causes liver damage)

Fish Oils, Fiber

• Marine fish oils contain 20-25% PUFA’s
• The “autoxidation” of PUFA’s results in formation of large numbers of free radicals and peroxide compounds
• These are toxic due to reaction with other nutrients, limiting availability
• Also cause cellular/subcellular damage
• Severity of effect reduced by Vit E
• Fiber can also be mildly “toxic” as it increases rate of gut passage
• High rate of passage causes reduced availability of nutrients.

Diet Additives: Hormones

• Hormonal control used to produce mono sex cultures of fish
• Reduces reproduction/increases growth
• Ex. Androgenic steroids (ethyltestosterone) fed to tilapia fry = 90% males
• Does not work the same on all fish
• 17-alpha-methyltestosterone improves growth and survival in salmonids
• Andorgenic better than estrogenic
• Used as implants in cattle.

Pellet Binders

• Steam pelleted aquatic feeds, especially those fed to shrimp, contain binders
• These are used for improving water stability (reduced leaching and nutrient loss)
• Two different types: organic matrix (lignosulfonates or polysaccharides)
• Other type: chemical compounds (sodium hexametaphosphate)
• No evidence of detrimental effect on aquaculture species

Antibiotics

• Some feeds can be formulated with antibiotics for treatment of Vibriosis, other bacterial infections
• Three antibiotics approved in U.S. are sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine and terrymycin (oxytetracycline, OTC)
• OTC commerically available as “medicated” fish (shrimp) feed, 1,500 mg/kg
• Must not feed medicated diets within 14-21 days from slaughter/harvest (more regulations!)

• Attractants are materials added to feeds to serve as intake (feeding) stimulants
• They are cost effective since they cause shrimp/fish to eat feeds that otherwise would not be attractive (consumed)
• Facilitates inclusion of by-products
• Usual inclusion level is around 0.5-1.0 %, largely due to cost
• Examples: krill meal, Artemia meal, fish oils, fish meal
• Sometimes used to reduce protein content of feed (but most also feed more frequently)

Antioxidants 

• Oxidation of lipids in feeds or feedstuffs can cause reduction of the nutritional value of certain lipids and vitamins
• It can also result in production of toxic free radicals and peroxides (REM?)
• Potential for formation of these toxic compounds reduced by synthetic compounds such as BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole, BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN ANIMALS 

FORMULATING THE FEED

• Computer based soft ware feed formulator

• Ruler of thumb
• Pearson square formula

PEARSON SQUARE FORMULA 

• Firstly, the value in the middle of the square must be intermediate between the two values that are used on the left side of the square. For example, the 14 percent crude protein requirement has to be intermediate between the soybean meal that has 45 percent crude protein or the corn that has 10 percent crude protein. If barley is used that has 12 percent crude protein and corn that has 10 percent crude protein, the square calculation method will not work because the 14 percent is outside the range of the values on the left side of the square. 

• Secondly, disregard any negative numbers that are generated on the right side of the square. Be concerned only with the numerical differences between the nutrient requirement and the ingredient nutrient values. 

• Thirdly, subtract the nutrient value from the nutritional requirement on the diagonal and arrive at a numerical value entitled parts. By summing those parts and dividing by the total, you can determine the percent of the ration that each ingredient should represent in order to provide a specific nutrient level. Always subtract on the diagonal within the square in order to determine parts. Always double check calculations to make sure that you did not have a mathematical error. It also is very important to work on a uniform basis. Use a 100-percent dry-matter basis for nutrient composition of ingredients and requirements and then convert to an as-fed basis after the formulation is calculated. 

• With the rising cost of animal feeds, farmers rearing animals are increasingly finding it difficult to make profit from their livestock keeping. All because they find it difficult to formulate their own feeds for their animals such as poultry birds, catfish, pigs, grass cutters and so on. Using Pearson Square method, you can easily formulate one now. However, this is only possible if farmers have the right quality of ingredients or raw material for formulating feeds. The Pearson Square method relies on the Digestible Crude Protein (DCP) as the basic nutritional requirement for feed. The most common ingredients used are whole maize, maize germ, cotton seed cake, soya beans, sunflower or omena (fishmeal).

Some tips on how to feed chicken

• Carbohydrate (Energy) 

1. Maize 58.66

2. Fiber 

3. Wheat offal 14.67 

• Protein 

1. Soya bean cake 9.23

2. Groundnut cake 9.23

3. Blood meal 4.61

• Minerals 

1. Premix 0.10kg

2. Methionine 0.25kg

3. Salt 0.25kg

• Calcium 

1. Bone meal 3kg 

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